Oublet at four.22 ppm and H-7, doublet at 5.41 ppm) and fructose (F in Fig. 2; H-7, multiplet at 3.55.61 ppm; H-7 and H-11, multiplet at 3.66.73 ppm; H-3, H-5 and H-11, multiplet at 3.79.84 ppm; H-4, multiplet at three.893.91 ppm; H-5 and H-11, multiplet at three.99.04 ppm; H-3 and H-4, multiplet at 4.11.12 ppm). The general NMR profile within this variety was comparable to that observed for the mixture of glucose, sucrose and fructose reference spectra (Fig. 4e and f) and atmospheric pollen (Chalbot et al., 2013c). The intensity of proton resonances within the three.304.15 ppm variety was highest for the largest (p 7.2 m) and smallest (p 0.49 m) particles and decreased around eight occasions for particles in the 0.96 p 1.5 m size variety (Fig. 2a ). Carbohydrates of biological origin (i.e., pollen) had been ordinarily associated with huge particles; however, they were also observed in fine biomass burning or biogenic aerosols (Bugni and Ireland, 2004; Medeiros et al.458532-84-8 Chemscene , 2006; Agarwal et al.940868-64-4 site , 2010; Fu et al.PMID:24278086 , 2012; Chalbot et al., 2013c). The diameter of airborne fragments of fungal and pathogenic material may be 1 m, with their highest concentrations being measured in fall and spring (Yamamoto et al., 2012). The presence of sugars in particles with p 0.49 m may well be as a consequence of particle breakup through sampling, an inherent artifact of impaction (Kavouras and Koutrakis, 2001). It has been shown that this error may possibly account for as much as five in the particle mass for particles with diameters higher than the cut-off point in the impactor stage. In our study, this would add up to 0.05 nmol m-3 (or 0.2 ) with the non-exchangeable H concentration to the concentration of particles with p 0.49 m, suggesting the negligible influence of sampling artifacts on the observed size distribution. Levoglucosan (H-6, multiplet at 3.52 ppm; H-7 and H-8, multiplet at 3.67; H-2, multiplet at 3.73.75 ppm and at four.08 ppm; H-5, singlet at five.45 ppm (H-3 at 4.64 ppm; this peak was not visible because of interferences from solvent residues)) was also detected in the carbohydrate region from the ultrafine and fine 1H-NMR. Its concentrations, computed working with the resonance at five.45 ppm, ranged from 1.1 ng m-3 for particles with p 7.2 m to 19.1 ng m-3 for particles with 0.49 p 0.96 m. The imply total concentration was 33.1 ng m-3, which was comparable to these observed in US urban regions (Hasheminassab et al., 2013). Levoglucosan was previously observed within the 1H-NMR spectra of aerosol samples dominated by biomass burning inside the Amazon (Graham et al., 2002). A group of quite sharp resonances among three.23 and three.27 ppm was observed with increasing intensity as particle size enhanced (Fig. 2a ). These peaks have been previously attributed to H (where X=Br, Cl, or I) functional groups (Cavalli et al., 2004). The intensities of proton resonances inside the aromatic region had been pretty low, accounting for 0.3 to 1.2 of the total non-exchangeable hydrogen concentration, which was consistent with these observed in other research (Decesari et al., 2007; Cleveland et al., 2012). Resonances were previously attributed to aromatic amino acids and lignin-derived structures, primarily phenyl rings substituted with alcohols OH, methoxy groups O H3 and unsaturated C=C bonds, and their combustion products (Duarte et al., 2008). Four organic compounds have been identified by means of their NMR reference spectra. These have been formate (Fo in Fig. two; H-2, singlet at eight.47 ppm), trigonelline (T in Fig. 2; H-4, multiplet at 8.09 ppm; H-5 and H-3, mu.
